Titanium dioxide
White pigment and opacifier widely used in tablet coatings, capsule shells, and as E171 food additive. EFSA 2021 concluded safety cannot be confirmed as E171 food additive — nanoparticle fraction (titanium dioxide P25) shown to be genotoxic in multiple studies. EU banned E171 in food from August 2022.
How it works (mechanism of action)
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
E171 BANNED in EU food products from August 2022 (EC Regulation 2022/63). EFSA 2021 concluded safety cannot be established — genotoxic concern from nanoparticle fraction. Pharmaceutical-grade TiO2 coatings (no nanoparticle specification) remain subject to ongoing review. Avoid supplements containing E171. Nanoparticle TiO2 causes DNA damage in vitro. California Proposition 65 listed.