Chondroitin sulfate
Glycosaminoglycan from bovine, porcine, or marine cartilage. Used for osteoarthritis, particularly in combination with glucosamine. Inhibits inflammatory enzymes and promotes proteoglycan synthesis.
How it works (mechanism of action)
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
Evidence grades: A=Strong RCT evidence · B=Good clinical trials · C=Limited trials · D=Preliminary/traditional
Anticoagulant interaction: structural similarity to heparin — mild anticoagulant activity. Warfarin: INR increase reported. Shellfish/bovine source considerations. Allergy to source material. Generally well tolerated at recommended doses.