Caramel color
Burnt sugar colouring agent in four classes (E150a-d). Class III and IV (sulphite-ammonia caramel) contain 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) — IARC Group 2B carcinogen. California Prop 65 threshold triggered with significant Class III/IV caramel consumption.
How it works (mechanism of action)
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
Class III/IV caramel (E150c, E150d): 4-MEI content — IARC Group 2B. California Prop 65 carcinogen at >29mcg/day 4-MEI. Class I and II (plain/sulphite caramels): no 4-MEI concern. Specify caramel class — Class I preferred. Soft drink manufacturers have voluntarily reformulated to reduce 4-MEI.