BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)
Synthetic phenolic antioxidant used as a preservative in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. BHA (E320) is listed as a reasonably anticipated human carcinogen (NTP) based on animal studies. Endocrine-disrupting potential. California Proposition 65 listed. IARC Group 2B.
How it works (mechanism of action)
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
IARC Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans). California Proposition 65 carcinogen. Potential endocrine disruption — thyroid and oestrogenic effects in animal studies. Avoid in high chronic exposure. Japan has restricted BHA in some food applications. Prefer natural antioxidant alternatives where possible.