Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)
Primary ketone body produced during fasting and ketogenic diet. Activates HCAR2 receptor (anti-inflammatory) and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome. Used for exogenous ketosis, cognitive performance, and athletic endurance.
How it works (mechanism of action)
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
GI effects: dose-dependent nausea, GI discomfort with BHB salts (particularly at high mineral load). Mineral load: BHB salts provide significant sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium — consider in patients with mineral-sensitive conditions. Electrolyte imbalance risk. Type 1 diabetes: exogenous ketones may precipitate ketoacidosis. Drug interactions: poorly characterised.