Artificial colors (FD&C dyes)
Collective term for synthetic food dyes approved by the FDA including FD&C Blue No.1, No.2, Red No.40, Yellow No.5, and Yellow No.6. Associated with hyperactivity in children (EU mandatory warning label since 2010). Some banned in Norway and Austria. Regulatory scrutiny increasing globally.
How it works (mechanism of action)
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
EU mandatory warning label: "May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children" (except FD&C Blue No.2). Avoid in ADHD. Potential cross-reactivity with aspirin (Yellow No.5). Some dyes not permitted in food for infants. Norway and Austria have banned some FD&C dyes.