Aristolochia indica
Indian birthwort (Ishwari in Ayurveda) containing nephrotoxic and carcinogenic aristolochic acids. Used traditionally in Ayurvedic medicine but banned in all modern regulatory jurisdictions due to proven irreversible nephrotoxicity and urothelial carcinoma. No safe dose established.
How it works (mechanism of action)
Acts on cellular signalling pathways relevant to the documented clinical indications. Contains bioactive compounds with enzyme-modulating, receptor-binding, or antioxidant properties studied in peer-reviewed literature.
BANNED globally. Contains aristolochic acid — causes irreversible nephropathy and urothelial carcinoma. Absolutely contraindicated. Reports of kidney failure and upper urinary tract cancer linked to Indian Ayurvedic products containing this ingredient.